Pronoun

Pronoun
(နာမ္​စား )
______________
______________

Words that stand instead of nouns are called pronoun.
နာမ္​၏ အစားသံုး​ေသာ ပုဒ္​ကို နာမ္​စားဟု ​ေခၚသည္​။

တစ္​နည္​းအားျဖင္​့ နာမ္​ပုဒ္​တစ္​ပုဒ္​ကို အႀကိမ္​ႀကိမ္​  မသံုးလို၍ ပထမသံုးၿပီး​ေသာ နာမ္​ပုဒ္​၏ အစားအသံုးျပဳ​ေသာ
ပုဒ္​ကို Pronoun ( နာမ္​စား ) ဟု ​ေခၚပါသည္​။

ဥပမာ။   ။ Thinza kissed Thinza's lover.
            သင္​းဇာသည္​  သင္​းဇာ၏ ခ်စ္​သူကို နမ္​းခ့ဲသည္​။

Thinza ႏွစ္​ခါ မသံုးလို၍ Thinza အစား " her " နာမ္​စားကို အသံုးျပဳျခင္​း ျဖစ္​ပါသည္​။

            Thinza kissed her lover.
             သင္​းဇာသည္​ သူမ၏ ခ်စ္​သူကို နမ္​းခ့ဲသည္​။

Pronoun ( နာမ္​စား ) { ၈ } မ်ိဳး ႐ွိပါသည္​ -

  1. Personal Pronoun
     ( ပုဂၢိဳလ္​ျပနာမ္​စား )
eg. I, Me, We, You, Us

  2. Demonstrative Pronoun
     ( အၫႊန္​းနာမ္​စား )
eg. This, That, These, Those

  3. Indefinite Pronoun
     ( သာမည နာမ္​စား )
eg. Some, Few, Many, Other, Such

  4. Distributive Pronoun
     ( ခြဲ​ေဝနာမ္​စား )
eg. Either, Neither

  5. Possessive Pronoun
     ( ပိုင္​႐ွင္​နာမ္​စား )
eg. Mine, Yours,  His, Hers , Theirs, Its

  6. Reflective and Emphatic Pronoun
     ( ကိုယ္​တိုင္​ခံႏွင္​့ ​ေလးနက္​နာမ္​စား )
eg. Myself, Yourself, Themselves, Itself

  7. Relative Pronoun
     ( ပုဒ္​ဆက္​နာမ္​စား )
eg. Who, That

  8. Interrogative Pronoun
     ( ပုစာၦနာမ္​စား )
eg. What, When, How

မ​ွတ္​ခ်က္​ ။    ။ အထက္​ပါ (2) (3) (4) တြင္​ ျပထား​ေသာ
                 နာမ္စားပုဒ္​မ်ားသည္​ ၎တို႔ခ်ည္​းသက္​သက္​
သံုးလွ်င္​ " နာမ္​းစား " ျဖစ္​​၍ ၎တို႔​ေနာက္​က နာမ္​ပုဒ္​ပါ​ေသာအခါ " နာမ္​မဝိ​ေသသန" ျဖစ္သြားၾကသည္​။

​ဥပမာ ။      ။ This is my book. [ This = Pro: ]
                 ဤဟာသည္​ ကြၽန္​​ေတာ္​့ စာအုပ္​ ျဖစ္​ပါသည္​။

                 This book is mine. [This = Adj:]
                  ဤစာအုပ္​သည္​ ကြၽန္​​ေတာ္​ဟာ ျဖစ္​ပါသည္​

...................................................................

Gender of nouns and pronoun
နာမ္​ႏွင္​့ နာမ္​စားတို႔၏ လိင္​
========================

Three types of Gender:
လိင္​ ( ၃ ) မ်ိဳးမွာ -

1. Masculine Gender = ပုလႅိင္​
eg. He, Him

2. Feminine Gender = ဣတၳိလိင္​
eg. She, Her

3. Neutral Gender = နပုလႅိင္​
eg. It, its

1. Masculine Gender

Words that stand for males are masculine gender.
( ​ေယာက်ာ္​း ၊ အဖို၊ အထီး အတြက္​ ကိုယ္​စားျပဳ​ေသာ နာမ္​စားကို masculine gender ( ပုလႅိင္​) ဟု​ေခၚသည္​။

- A man should never detest his wife.
​ေယာက်ာ္​းတစ္​ဦးက သူ႔မိန္​းမကို ဘယ္​​ေတာ့မွ မမုန္​းသင္​့ဘူး။

👉 a man ---------- his

2. Feminine Gender

Words that stand for females are feminine gender.
( မိန္​းမ၊ အမ အတြက္​ ကိုယ္​စားျပဳ​ေသာ နာမ္​စားကို feminine gender ( ဣတၳိလိင္​) ဟု​ေခၚသည္​။

- A woman should respect her husband.
မိန္​းမတစ္​ဦးသည္​ သူမ ​ေယာက်ာ္​းကို ​ေလးစားသင္​့ပါသည္​။

👉 a woman ---------- her

3. Neutral Gender

Words that stand for things are neutral gender.
( အရာဝတၳဳ အတြက္​ ကိုယ္​စားျပဳ​ေသာ နာမ္​းစာကို neutral gender ( နပုလႅိင္​ ) ဟု​ေခၚသည္​။

- A tree absorbs water through its roots.
သစ္​ပင္​တစ္​ပင္​သည္​ ၎၏ အျမစ္​မ်ားမွ ​ေရစုပ္​ယူသည္​။

👉 a tree ----------- its
_______________________

တခါတ​ေလ neutral gender ( နပုလႅိင္​ ) ကို တိရစၧာန္​ အတြက္​ အသံုးျပဳ​ေလ့႐ွိပါတယ္​။

Where is the cat? It is on the table.
Where is the dog? It is in the garden.

နာမ္​စား ( I , me, you, we, us ) သည္​ masculine သို႔မဟုတ္​ feminine တခုခု ျဖစ္​ႏိုင္​သည္​။
နာမ္​စား ( They, them ) သည္​ gender ( လိင္​ )
{ ၃ } မ်ိဳးစလံုး ျဖစ္​ႏိုင္​သည္​။

eg. 1. The boys have just come home. Ask them if they want their dinner.
က​ေလး​​မ်ားသည္​ ယခု အိမ္​ျပန္​​ေရာက္​​ေနပါၿပီ။ ညစာ စားဦးမလား ​ေမးလိုက္​ပါ။

eg. 2. The girls have been to the cinema. Ask them if they enjoy the picture.
မိန္​းက​ေလးမ်ားသည္​ ႐ုပ္​႐ွင္​ရံုမွ ျပန္​လာပါၿပီ။ သူတို႔​ေပ်ာ္​လားလို႔ ​ေမးလိုက္​စမ္​းပါ။

eg. 3. The mangoes trees are withered. They will have no mangoes on them this year.
သရက္​ပင္​သည္​ ​ေျခာက္​​ေနသည္​။ ယခုႏွစ္​တြင္​  အသီး သီး​ေတာ့မည္​ မဟုတ္​ပါ။

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Pronoun:
Singular and Plural, Person
နာမ္​စား အနည္​းကိန္​း ႏွင္​့ အမ်ားကိန္​ ၊
<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>

1. Singular and Plural

The pronouns { I, me, he, she, him, her } are used for only one person. So they are singular pronoun.
လူတစ္​​ေယာက္​အတြက္​သာ သံုး​ေသာ နာမ္​းစာ ( I, me, he, she, him, her ) ကို အနည္​းနာမ္​စာ ဟု​ေခၚသည္​။

2. The pronouns { we, us they, them } are used for more than one person . They are plural pronoun.
တစ္​ေယာက္​ထက္​ပို​ေသာ လူမ်ားအတြက္​ သံုး​ေသာ နာမ္​စာ
( we, us, they, them ) ကို အမ်ားနာမ္​စာ ဟု​ေခၚသည္​။

3. "You" is both singular and plural.
(You) သည္​ အနည္​း/အမ်ား ႏွစ္​မ်ိဳးစလံုး အတြက္​ အသံုးျပဳႏိုင္​သည္​။

eg. You are beautiful girl. [ one girl; singular ]
  You are beautiful girls. [ more than one gir, plural]

Person
-----------
Three types of person-
1. 1st person ( ​ေျပာတ့ဲသူ)
The 1st person is the person who speaks.

2. 2nd person ( ​ေျပာခံရသူ )
The 2nd person is the person spoken to.

3. 3rd person (
The 3rd person is the person spoken about.

eg. I love you.
( I ) ​ေျပာတ့ဲသူ ၊ (you ) ​ေျပာခံရသူ

   ( 1 ) Personal Pronoun
    ---------------------------------

    - Personal pronouns are used to
    represent
   ( a ) the number of people ( I / we ),
   ( b ) gender ( he/she ),
   ( c ) person ( I/you ), and
   ( d ) case ( we/us ) are called personal
           pronouns.

      - လူအ​ေရအတြက္​၊ လိင္​ ၊ person ႏွင္​့ case ကို
        ​ေဖာ္​ျပ​ေသာ နာမ္​စားကို ပုဂၢိဳလ္​ျပနာမ္​စား ဟု​ေခၚသည္​။

      ပုဂၢိဳလ္​ျပနာမ္​စား ( ၂ ) မ်ိဳး ႐ွိပါသည္​။
     
      ( ၁ ) Subject pronouns
             - ကတၱား အျဖစ္​သံုး​ေသာ နာမ္​စား
      eg. He, She, We, They, It, You
  
      ( ၂ )  Object pronouns
           - ၀ိဘတ္​ အျဖစ္​သံုးသာ နာမ္​စား
      eg. His, Her, Us, Them, You, Its

( ၁ )    Subject Pronouns
------------  -- ---------------------

    - ( He ) is learning English.
    - ( She )  has two boyfriends.
    - ( We ) shall never break our ties.
    - ( They ) are coming on next Sunday.
    - ( It ) is a donkey.
    - ( You ) are a liar.

( ၂ ) Object Pronouns
--------------------------------

    - Do you love ( me )?
    - She never replies ( her ) lover.
    - It took ( us ) 2 hours to conclude.
    - I will take ( them ).
    - I love ( you ).
    - Nay Lin bit ( his ) lover's lips.

  Note: "You" can be used for both subject
              and object.
    " You " ကို subject အတြက္န႔ဲ object အတြက္​ပါ
     အသံုးျပဳ ႏို္​င္​ပါတယ္​။

    - (You ) will miss me one day.
    ( မင္​းငါ့ကို တစ္​​ေန႔ လြမ္​း​ေနလိ္​့မ္မယ္​။ )

     - I can't foget ( you ).
     ( ငါ မင္​းကို မ​ေမ့ႏို္​င္​ဘူး။ )

    ( 2 ) Demonstrative Pronoun
    -------------------------------------------

       - demonstrative pronouns are used:
      ( a ) to show,
      ( b ) to indicate,
      ( c ) to point to specific things.
        - တိတိက်က် သတ္​မွတ္​ထား​ေသာ အရာ၀တၳဳကို
         ၫႊန္​းျပ​ေသာ နာမ္​စားကို အၫႊန္​းနာမ္​စား ဟု​ေခၚသည္​။
         
      ~ နီးစပ္​ရာ ​ေနရာႏွင္​့ အခ်ိ္​န္​ကုိ ​ေဖာ္​ျပရန္​ This ႏွင္​့
        These ကို အသံုးျပပါသည္​။
      ~ ​ေဝးရပ္​မွာ႐ွိ​ေသာ ၊ အခ်ိ္​န္​ၾကာၿပီျဖစ္​​ေသာ အရာကို
         ၫႊန္​းျပရန္​ That ႏွင္​့ Those ကုိ အသံုးျပဳရမည္​။

        -Singular:  this/that
        - Plural : these/ those

      * Demonstrative pronoun ကို
         Noun Phrase အစား အသံုးျပရသည္​။

       - The food you are cooking, smells
         delicious.
         ' the food you are cooking' သည္​
          Noun phrase ျဖစ္​ပါသည္​။

          That smells delicious.